In honor of mental health awareness month, we’re diving into one of the pressing issues that individuals struggle with in today’s world—sleep. In particular, we’re looking at how technology is transforming how we measure our sleep.

Sleep plays a key role in mental health and overall bodily health and most people aren’t getting enough of it. According to a joint study conducted by Casper and Gallup, only one-third of Americans report their sleep as “excellent” or “very good”. Those who rate their general mental health as “excellent” or “very good” are also 6x more likely to get high-quality sleep (Casper-Gallup, 2022).

Thankfully, technology is helping to change the sleep game. Sleep apps, wearable trackers, smart beds, and external monitors are transforming how humans recharge. For those who don’t get enough sleep or experience poor quality sleep, trackers can help offer insight into your habits and lead you to optimize your sleep experience. Using the market news, research papers, and technologies sections of the Cypris platform, we were able to source a handful of fascinating consumer sleep trackers available and explore how they work.

Market overview

There are currently 98,136 sleep technologies being applied within 131 different categories. The fastest-growing category is ‘IT computing and data processing’ with a 1283.55 % increase in new patents filed over the last 5 years. ‘Medical’ is also seeing a lot of filings by new entrants.

When it comes to recent news on the sleep industry, a large chunk of articles have focused on new products (38%) and earnings reports (28%), followed by lawsuits, acquisitions, and new hires.

For this article, we’re focused specifically on sleep trackers since they’re such a hot topic these days. Let’s take a look at how these technologies work.

How sleep trackers work

Depending on the type of device, sleep technologies track different bodily responses. However, there are some general metrics most cover: heart rate, oxygen consumption, body movement, sleep duration, sleep quality, sleep phases, time awake and time spent sleeping, snoring, body temperature, room temperature and humidity, light and noise levels, environmental factors, and various lifestyle factors (like number of steps, exercise, etc.).

Many sleep tracker apps rely on an accelerometer, a device built into most smartphones that senses movement. These devices measure how much movement you make during your sleep and this data is then used in an algorithm to estimate sleep time and quality.

Trackers that are placed below your mattress use sensors to gauge movement to determine when you’re asleep, while wearable devices use direct skin contact to discern your heart rate and motion, getting a sense of your sleep and wake patterns accordingly.

Additionally, there are sonar trackers which rely on an app to send silent signals into your sleep environment. When these sound waves reflect into your microphone, some apps or devices can interpret their shape and movement—measuring your breathing rate, tracking your body movement, and turning those insights into a record of your nightly sleep patterns.

Tracker apps and other technologies available:

Available trackers range from apps that charge per month to pricier wearables or devices that often tie into an app as well. Here’s how a few of the most popular ones work:

• Sleep Cycle: (app) SleepCycle relies on sound-sensing technology to assess your sleep, using the microphone to detect the sounds you make when you move. The app identifies a variety of different sounds, including coughing, talking, and snoring, and shows an overlay of audio recordings on the sleep cycle graph for better interpretation. The app wakes you up within a 30-minute time frame of your choosing, based on when your sleep is the lightest.
• SleepScore: (app) SleepScore uses sonar sensor technology, called echolocation, to track your breathing and body movement as you travel through each sleep stage. After each night’s sleep, the app gives you a score based on its analysis of your sleep duration, the amount of time it took for you to fall asleep, light sleep, deep sleep, REM sleep, and wake time, with the units expressed in simple hours and minutes. It also reports how many times you woke up during the night and when you were experiencing each phase of sleep.
• Pillow: (app) Pillow is an app that tracks your sleep health from your Apple Watch, iPhone, or iPad. To calculate sleep quality, Pillow monitors movements and sounds. Pillow takes into account body motions during sleep using the device’s accelerometer and gyroscope, and monitors noise level using your device’s microphone. The audio recording feature records when you snore, cough, or talk in your sleep, and you can also use Pillow as a smart alarm clock to wake up at the lightest possible sleep stage.
• Oura Ring 3: (ring) The Oura Ring 3 collects data on time spent in light, deep, and REM sleep, resting heart rate, heart rate variability, number of breaths per minute (respiratory rate), body temperature, and nighttime movement. It calculates your sleep score based on factors such as total sleep, REM sleep, and deep sleep, and provides you with a readiness score (how much your body can take on for the day), and an activity score. The rings works using 15 advanced sensors. The green and red LEDs and infrared (IR) LEDs are used to measure daytime and workout heart rate, while extra negative temperature coefficient (NTC) sensors and an advanced calibrated sensor measure differences in skin temperature. The ring’s seven temperature sensors also help predict your period each month and visualize your menstrual cycle, and can even help you discover you are getting sick before symptoms appear. There is also an extra IR sensor that allows the ring to detect when the ring is not optimally aligned and compensate for more accurate results.
• Whoop Strap 4.0: (wristband) Primarily used by fitness fanatics due to its robust recovery data, this device contains five LEDs, four photodiodes, and a body temperature sensor. This wrist or bicep band measures blood oxygen levels, skin temperature readings, heart rate metrics, sleep cycles, performance, quality, and training activities to provide insight into your overall health behaviors and goals.
• Kookoon Nightbuds: (earbuds) These earbuds contain an in-ear optical heart rate sensor to track your sleep, which is located on the right earpiece. The Nightbuds are equipped with sensors that track sleep data such as time spent asleep and awake, position changes, and overall sleep efficiency.
• Withings Sleep Analyzer: (mattress pad) The Withings Sleep Analyzer is a thin mat you slip under your mattress that records changes in pressure and noise during the night. It provides you with an overall sleep score, which is then broken down into duration, time to sleep, depth, time to get up, interruptions, and regularity (measured over a period of several nights). With a Pneumatic sensor it measures respiratory rate, heartbeats (via ballistocardiography), and body movements across the mattress. With the sound sensor it identifies audio signals specific to snoring and cessation of breathing episodes.
• SleepScore Max: (external device) This device sits on your nightstand and uses a bio-motion sensor technology to track your breathing and body movement during sleep. It measures sleep duration, all the different sleep stages, and the time it takes you to fall asleep, and delivers an overall sleep score that’s provided through the accompanying app.
• Muse Headband: (headband) Known for its meditation capabilities, the Muse Headband is a wearable brain sensing headband that measures brain activity via 4 electroencephalography sensors. Sensors are strategically placed to connect to your forehead, and to the skin behind and above your ears on the inside of the headband. The device provides EEG-powered meditation and sleep support through sleep-focused voice guides and soundscapes that get you in a sleeping mood, and measures and analyzes your level of brain activity, heart rate, and breath much like other wearable trackers.

Sleep technology and trackers have transformed how we measure sleep, and continue to evolve and generate adoption. If you’re like the majority of the population and suffer from poor quality and quantity of sleep, chances are you could benefit from incorporating a tracking technology into your routine to provide clarity on your sleep patterns and improve overall health.

For deeper insights into innovative technologies that are changing your industry, visit https://ipcypris.com/ and get started using the Innovation Dashboard.

If you’d like to explore recent patents filed, you can search through our global patent search engine for free here: https://ipcypris.com/patents/allrecords

Sources:

Cypris Innovation Dashboard; queries for sleep, and sleep + technology

https://www.thensf.org/national-sleep-foundations-2022-sleep-in-america-poll-americans-can-do-more-during-the-day-and-night-to-improve-sleep/

https://www.thensf.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/NSF-2022-Sleep-in-America-Poll-Report.pdf

https://www.tomsguide.com/round-up/best-sleep-apps

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-0244-4

https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ar-medical-disrupting-digital-health-150000081.html

https://www.msn.com/en-gb/health/mindandbody/best-meditation-apps-download-these-digital-tools-to-de-stress-fast/ar-AAXm7EV?ocid=EMMX

https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/lifestyle/article/best-sleep-tech

https://www.theverge.com/23013600/best-sleep-tracker-wearables

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/do-sleep-trackers-really-work

https://news.gallup.com/poll/390734/sleep-struggles-common-among-younger-adults-women.aspx

https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/17/business/sleep-tracker-insomnia-x-trodes-health-sci-hnk-spc-intl/index.html

https://www.techradar.com/reviews/withings-sleep-analyzer

https://www.sleephealthfoundation.org.au/pdfs/SleepTracker-0215.pdf

https://www.theverge.com/22957195/whoop-review-fitness-tracker-wearables

https://www.healthline.com/health/fitness/oura-ring#the-sensors

https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbes-personal-shopper/2022/01/26/muse-s-review/?sh=13ca06b81e04

COVID-19 altered workplace dynamics, forcing companies to rapidly transition to remote work. For many individuals, remote work is here to stay in some form, whether through a hybrid in-office/work-from-home model or fully remote. In this blog, we explore how COVID-19-induced remote work changed workplace behaviors, and more importantly, how it impacted employee well-being for the better and worse.

Using the Cypris innovation dashboard, we explored innovation activity in the field of remote work, conducting a literature review among the 17,272 available research papers. Take a look at what we found.

The good

For companies, remote work comes with its savings—organizations save around $11,000 per employee per year if they allow their employees to work remotely at least 50% of the time (Global Workplace Analytics, 2021). More importantly, data shows that remote workers tend to be more satisfied with their work/life balance (Sundin, 2010). Remote work is also associated with higher organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and job-related well-being (Felstead & Henseke, 2017), as well as decreased turnover intention (Kroll & Neusch 2017). While many studies report individuals have a positive view of remote work, the key to happy employees, satisfaction, and reduced burnout when working from home is employee engagement.

Gallup (2021) defines employee engagement (EE) as individuals who are enthusiastic about, committed to, and involved in their work and workplace. According to Saks and Gruman (2014), factors proven to positively affect levels of EE within an organization include: “autonomy, feedback, development opportunities, positive workplace climate, recovery, rewards, recognition, and support”. When employees are engaged, loyalty, productivity, and their desire to go above and beyond in their organizations increase (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004; Lemon & Palenchar, 2018; Weideman & Hofmeyr, 2020). COVID-19, in particular, affected EE rates—Gallup reported that EE in 2020 “fluctuated more than ever before”, and that the level of EE among U.S. workers reached a new high with 40% reporting to be “very engaged” in July 2020 compared to 33% in July 2019.

The bad

Despite the extensive benefits of remote work, it’s important to acknowledge that there are some downfalls. One source found that remote work comes at the cost of work-intensification and a greater inability to switch off (Felstead & Henseke, 2017). Generally, the biggest risk of flexible work comes when no clear boundaries are in place, leading employees to feel the need to be constantly online. Depending on factors like personality type and gender, remote work can also have a negative impact.

For some, remote work increases performance and job satisfaction, while others are left feeling isolated and less productive. A 2020 study assessed how different personality types experience remote work, assessing traits like conscientiousness (being organized and thoughtful), introversion (being quiet and reserved), neuroticism (being moody and easily frustrated), openness to experience (being curious and eager to try new things), and agreeableness (being friendly and kind to others) (Ogbonnaya, 2020). Those who scored high on openness to experience felt less worried, depressed, or miserable when working remotely, while agreeable people and introverts also reported feeling less worried and depressed. Neurotic people were at a greater risk of reporting poor mental health when working remotely. Those who scored low on conscientiousness, or found it hard to plan things carefully, reported feeling worried and gloomy (Ogbonnaya, 2020).

Gender also plays a key role in how people experience remote work, which several studies conducted during COVID-19 uncovered. A 2021 study on women in IT found that women were negatively affected by remote work resulting from the pandemic, due to the struggle to balance occupational stress and family life (Subha B. et al., 2021). Other data, including reports by McKinsey, uphold this trend.

McKinsey asserts that decades of research indicate that women take on more housework and childcare than men in addition to their professional careers, leading to what sociologists deem the “second shift”. In fact, mothers were over 3x more likely to be responsible for most of the housework and caregiving during the pandemic, and 1.5x more likely to spend an additional 3 or more hours per day on housework and children (McKinsey, 2020). As a result, many mothers, particularly those with young children, considered leaving the workforce or downshifting their careers during COVID-19, primarily due to childcare responsibilities. Despite the risk of burnout, women still report a higher preference for remote work post-pandemic than men—since women feel disproportionately responsible for household chores and parenting obligations, the flexible of remote work is ideal.

Where we go from here

While remote work offers more flexibility and increases well-being for most employees, it’s important to address the risk it poses for workers across the board—burnout. Companies should take measures to increase employee engagement, mental health benefits, support for parents and caregivers, and offer more paid leave to help mitigate burnout risk. Additionally, establishing clear boundaries that protect downtime, measuring performance based on results, and encouraging employees to take time for themselves can go a long way to reduce burnout and lessen the risk of losing talent, particularly women.

To learn more about remote work research, visit cypris.ai and get started with access to the innovation dashboard for more insights.

Sources:

B., Subha, R., Madhusudhanan, and Thomas, A., 2021. An Investigation of the Impact of Occupational Stress on Mental health of remote working women IT Professionals in Urban health of remote working women IT Professionals in Urban Bangalore, India Bangalore, India. Journal of International Women's Studies, 22(6).

Felstead, A., & Henseke, G. (2017). Assessing the growth of remote working and its consequences for effort, well-being and work-life balance. New Technology, Work and Employment, 32 (3). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ntwe.12097

Gallup, I., 2021. How to Improve Employee Engagement in the Workplace. [online] Gallup.com. Available at: https://www.gallup.com/workplace/285674/improve-employee-engagement-workplace.aspx [Accessed 17 May 2022].

Global Workplace Analytics. 2022. Latest Work-at-Home/Telecommuting/Remote Work Statistics. [online] Available at: https://globalworkplaceanalytics.com/telecommuting-statistics [Accessed 17 May 2022].

Kroll, C., & Nuesch, S. (2017, 2019). The effects of flexible work practices on employee attitudes: Evidence from a large-scale panel study in Germany. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(9), 1505-1525. doi:10.1080/09585192.2017.1289548

Lemon, L. L., & Palenchar, M. J. (2018). Public relations and zones of engagement: Employees’ lived experiences and the fundamental nature of employee engagement. Public Relations Review, 44(1), 142-155. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.01.002

Ogbonnaya, C., 2020. Remote working is good for mental health… but for whom and at what cost?. [online] LSE Business Review. Available at https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/businessreview/2020/04/24/remote-working-is-good-for-mental-health-but-for-whom-and-at-what-cost/ [Accessed 17 May 2022].

Pernefors, O. and Bjurenvall, S., 2021. EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN A COVID-19 CONTEXT Exploring communicative displays of employee engagement among enforced remote workers. University of Gothenburg.

Saks, A. and Gruman, J., 2014. What Do We Really Know About Employee Engagement?. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(2), pp.155-182.

Sundin, K., 2010. Virtual Teams: Work/Life Challenges - Keeping Remote Employees Engaged. CAHRS White Papers.

FlexJobs Job Search Tips and Blog. 2022. Survey: Men & Women Experience Remote Work Differently | FlexJobs. [online] Available at: <https://www.flexjobs.com/blog/post/men-women-experience-remote-work-survey/> [Accessed 17 May 2022].

Weideman, M., & Hofmeyr, K. B. (2020). The influence of flexible work arrangements on employee engagement: An exploratory study. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(2), e1-e18. doi:10.4102/sajhrm.v18i0.1209

“Women in the Workplace 2021.” McKinsey & Company, McKinsey & Company, 13 Apr. 2022, https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/women-in-the-workplace.

Wrycza, S. and Maślankowski, J., 2020. Social Media Users’ Opinions on Remote Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Thematic and Sentiment Analysis. Information Systems Management, 37(4), pp.288-297.

Virtual reality (VR) allows us to simulate real-world surroundings, and build environments that are impossible to visit in the real world—leading to endless applications for education. Research has shown VR can help engage students, improve retention, and gamify the traditional didactic teaching experience. In this blog post, we explore the research industry of VR in education at a glance, and then dive into research applications being explored today.

Market Overview

Using the Cypris innovation dashboard, we identified innovation activity in the VR market has grown over the last 5 years, with a 23.2% average growth rate. Within the vertical, there are over 625 technologies being applied within 22 different categories. The fastest-growing category is optical, specifically optical elements, systems or apparatuses, which saw a 213.33% increase in new patents filed over the past 5 years. Additionally, the industry currently has 130,917 investors, 974 research papers, and 332 organizations.

The most active top players in VR education by patent number include Samsung Electronics (20), Lincoln Global Inc. (14), Hunan Hankun Ind Co Inc. (6), Univ Korea Res & Bus Found (5), and the State Grid Corp China (5).

Research Applications

Below, we’ve rounded up some of the most fascinating recent research applications of VR for educational purposes:

1. Environmental education: Taiwan recently incorporated environmental education into its curriculum guidelines, but needed a more effective way of engaging students with the material. They used VR to increase students’ immersion in order to generate empathy toward the natural environment and encourage behaviors to protect it. When compared with students who received conventional didactic teaching and viewed an ordinary video, the students who experienced the 3D VR teaching approach presented a significant difference in terms of learning absorption. Students who took a VR-based course also exhibited greater empathy toward the survival of protected species, which generated their desire to help the animals, protect global environments, and increase their awareness of the importance of global environmental conservation. (Chiang 2021)
2. Bioscience virtual laboratory: VR approaches help train students in scientific methods and techniques that are difficult, dangerous, or expensive to perform in person. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, no laboratory practicals could be performed, which brought to light an increased need for effective online teaching for laboratory courses. In this study, undergraduate students enrolled in a laboratory course used VR for their module on tissue culture techniques. The results revealed that the VR approach was highly and enthusiastically accepted by the students, and they reported authentic learning experiences that enabled them to better achieve the learning objectives. (Kaltsidis, et al. 2021)
3. Vocational education: VR technologies have been implemented to teach vocational skills, enabling participants to learn by doing and use the appropriate equipment and tools needed. One recent study proposed using a VR simulation developed for participants to learn the two-stroke engine, which is relatively uncommon in the real world. The proposed VR system has the potential to reduce the total cost involved for the training institution compared to the conventional training method, and improves safety by protecting participants from any fragile parts and hazardous chemicals. (Sholichin, et al. 2020)
4. Road safety: One study tackled teaching children how to properly focus attention in complex traffic situations, using a VR cycling simulator. The study focused on measuring observation ability and three key concepts: risk, orientation, and attention. The results revealed that eye tracking in virtual reality can be successfully utilized to evaluate interactive cognitive systems involved in navigation and the planning of actions in a traffic safety educational setting. The new teaching model was shown to be more effective in helping the children to focus their attention on the right place, orientate themselves, and behave in a safer way when cycling. (Skjermo, et al. 2022)
5. Medicinal chemistry: A prototype VR gamification option was used as an educational tool to aid the learning process and to improve the delivery of the medicinal chemistry subject to pharmacy students. Typically, students face challenges caused by difficulty constructing a mental image of the three-dimensional structure of a drug molecule from its two-dimensional presentations. This study alleviated that challenge, and served as an accessible, cost-effective, flexible, and user-friendly alternative to traditional learning. (Abuhammad, et al. 2021)
6. Psychiatric treatment: VR offers numerous possibilities of treatment directions for psychiatric patients. Most studies of VR for psychiatry have focused on virtual reality exposure therapy, a form of exposure therapy using virtual reality to create environments that provoke anxiety. Additionally, there are promising studies on using VR to treat depression and psychotic delusions. In areas with personnel shortages, VR treatments could be particularly helpful. Replicating environments to represent the experiences of patients may also offer helpful methods of psycho-education for parents, service providers, and the public. (Homen 2021)

From healthcare and bioscience, to teaching trade skills, VR’s applications for education are endless. To learn more about educational applications of VR, visit ipcypris.com and get started with access to the innovation dashboard for more insights.

If you’d like to explore recent patents filed, you can search through our global patent search engine for free here: https://ipcypris.com/patents/allrecords

Sources Cited:
1. Chiang TH-C (2021) Investigating Effects of Interactive Virtual Reality Games and Gender on Immersion, Empathy and Behavior Into Environmental Education. Front. Psychol. 12:608407

2. Source: Kaltsidis, Christos, et al. “Training Higher Education Bioscience Students with Virtual Reality Simulator.” European Journal of Alternative Education Studies, vol. 6, no. 1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.46827/ejae.v6i1.3748.

3. Sholichin, F., Suaib, N., Irawati, D., Sutiman, Solikin, M., Yudantoko, A., Yudianto, A., Adiyasa, I., Sihes, A. and Sulaiman, H., 2020. Virtual reality learning environments for vocational education: a comparative study with conventional instructional media on two-stroke engine. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 979(1), p.012015.

4. Skjermo, Jo, et al. “Evaluation of Road Safety Education Program with Virtual Reality Eye Tracking.” SN Computer Science, vol. 3, no. 2, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-022-01036-w.

5. Abuhammad, A., Falah, J., Alfalah, S., Abu-Tarboush, M., Tarawneh, R., Drikakis, D. and Charissis, V., 2021. “MedChemVR”: A Virtual Reality Game to Enhance Medicinal Chemistry Education. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 5(3), p.10.

6. Homen, Joel. “Virtual Reality Opens New Frontiers in Psychiatric Treatment and Education.” The Finnish Foundation for Psychiatric Research, 2021.