Patent Activity in Next-Gen Photovoltaics: Who's Building the IP Moat
Published February 9th 2026
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The perovskite solar cell is no longer a laboratory curiosity. In 2025, LONGi Green Energy shattered the world record for crystalline silicon-perovskite tandem solar cells, reaching a certified power conversion efficiency of 34.85%, validated by the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory and marking the first reported certified efficiency exceeding the single-junction Shockley-Queisser limit of 33.7% for a double-junction tandem device[1]. Oxford PV shipped the world's first commercial perovskite-silicon tandem panels to a U.S. utility-scale installation[2][3] and then signed a landmark patent licensing agreement with Trina Solar for the manufacture and sale of perovskite-based products in China's $50-billion-plus domestic photovoltaic market[4]. GCL Optoelectronics commissioned the world's first gigawatt-scale perovskite module manufacturing facility in Kunshan, backed by a $700 million investment[5]. China emerged as the undisputed leader in perovskite commercialization, with multiple companies racing to scale production lines from megawatt pilot capacity to full industrial output[6].
Behind these headlines lies a fierce and increasingly strategic patent war. For corporate R&D teams in advanced materials and chemicals, understanding who is building the intellectual property moat around next-generation photovoltaics, and where the white space remains, is essential for making informed investment, partnership, and development decisions.
This analysis, conducted using Cypris Q's cross-domain search capabilities spanning patents, academic papers, and industry sources, reveals a landscape where a handful of companies are aggressively staking claims across the full perovskite value chain, from precursor chemistry and deposition methods to device architectures and module-level encapsulation.
The Efficiency Race and Its IP Shadow
The academic literature tells a story of breathtaking progress. Nature Reviews Clean Technology characterized 2025 as a "transformative phase" for perovskite photovoltaics, noting that single-junction efficiencies reached 27% in laboratory conditions while tandem devices exceeded 34.5%[7]. Inverted (p-i-n) perovskite solar cells have achieved certified quasi-steady-state power conversion efficiencies of 26.15% for single-junction devices[8], with more recent work pushing beyond 27% through advanced passivation strategies that dramatically improve both efficiency and thermal stability[9]. Perovskite-silicon tandem cells have surpassed 34.85% efficiency at the lab scale[1][10], and all-perovskite tandem modules have reached a certified 24.5% efficiency over a 20.25 cm² aperture area[11]. Perovskite solar modules, the form factor that actually matters for commercial deployment, have achieved a certified 23.30% efficiency over a 27.22 cm² aperture, representing the highest certified module performance to date for that configuration[12].
What makes this relevant for IP strategy is that each of these efficiency milestones is underpinned by specific material innovations that are being aggressively patented. The dual-site-binding ligand approach that enabled the 26.15% single-junction record[8] represents a class of surface passivation chemistry that multiple companies are now racing to protect. The bilayer interface passivation technique used in high-efficiency tandem cells[10] has direct parallels in LONGi's patent filings covering resistance-increasing nanostructures at the carrier transport layer interface[13]. The dopant-additive synergism strategy that achieved the module efficiency record[12], using methylammonium chloride with Lewis-basic ionic liquid additives, exemplifies the kind of formulation IP that specialty chemical companies should be watching closely.
LONGi: The Patent Juggernaut
A Cypris Q search of LONGi's recent patent portfolio reveals a company that is not merely participating in the perovskite transition but attempting to own it. LONGi's filings span an extraordinary breadth of the technology stack. At the device architecture level, the company holds patents on tandem photovoltaic devices with engineered tunnel junctions featuring ordered defect layers and precisely controlled doping concentrations[14], perovskite-crystalline silicon tandem cells with carrier transport layers incorporating resistance-increasing nanostructures that extend into the perovskite light absorption layer[13], and four-terminal laminated cells with edge-region resistance engineering to reduce carrier recombination losses[15].
On the manufacturing side, LONGi has filed patents covering roller coating devices for perovskite films with integrated film-homogenizing assemblies that improve thickness uniformity[16], spin-coating thermal annealing composite preparation systems designed to prevent precursor solution degradation during substrate transfer[17], and full-silicon-wafer-sized perovskite/crystalline silicon laminated solar cells where the perovskite layer thickness is deliberately varied between central and peripheral areas to prevent conduction between composite and window layers[18]. The company has even patented perovskite material bypass diodes, a module-level innovation that uses P-type and N-type perovskite material regions to create integrated protection circuitry[19][20].
Perhaps most telling is LONGi's patent on copper powder with organic coating layers and in-situ grown copper nanoparticles for use in perovskite cell metallization[21]. This filing, surfaced through a Cypris Q assignee-specific patent search, signals that LONGi is thinking beyond the perovskite absorber layer itself and into the full bill of materials, including conductive pastes and interconnection technologies. LONGi's tandem cell R&D team has consistently pushed the boundaries of the technology since achieving 33.9% efficiency in November 2023, followed by 34.6% in June 2024, and the current 34.85% record in April 2025[1], each milestone built on patented innovations in bilayer interface passivation and asymmetric textured silicon substrates. For materials suppliers, this kind of vertical IP integration should be a strategic signal that the company intends to control not just device performance but the entire manufacturing ecosystem.
Oxford PV: The Vapor Deposition Moat and Its Strategic Monetization
Oxford PV, the UK-based company that spun out of Henry Snaith's pioneering research at the University of Oxford, has taken a fundamentally different approach to IP protection. Where LONGi's portfolio is broad and manufacturing-oriented, Oxford PV's filings are concentrated around a specific technical differentiator: vapor-phase deposition of perovskite materials onto textured silicon surfaces.
A Cypris Q analysis of Oxford PV's recent patent activity reveals a deep portfolio centered on methods for depositing substantially continuous and conformal perovskite layers on surfaces with roughness averages of 50 nm or greater using vapor deposition followed by treatment with further precursor compounds[22][23][24]. This is not an academic exercise. It is the core manufacturing challenge of perovskite-silicon tandems, because the textured surface of a silicon bottom cell, which is essential for light trapping, makes it extremely difficult to deposit uniform perovskite films using conventional solution-based methods.
Oxford PV has extended this core IP into sequential deposition methods using physical vapor deposition of metal halide precursors with different halide components[25][26], processes for making multicomponent perovskites through co-sublimation from multiple evaporation sources[27][28][29], and methods for forming crystalline perovskite layers through a two-dimensional-to-three-dimensional conversion pathway[30]. The company has also filed on multijunction device architectures incorporating metal oxynitride interlayers, preferably titanium oxynitride, between sub-cells to avoid local shunt paths and reduce reflection losses[31], as well as photovoltaic devices with intermediate barrier layers and dual metallic arrays for improved encapsulation and electrical contact[32][33]. Oxford PV's IP strategy also includes passivation chemistry, with patents covering organic passivating agents that are chemically bonded to anions or cations in the metal halide perovskite[34], and device architectures featuring inorganic electrically insulative layers with band gaps greater than 4.5 eV forming type-1 offset junctions[35][36][37][38]. This layered approach, controlling both the deposition process and the device physics, creates a formidable barrier to entry for competitors attempting to replicate Oxford PV's vapor-based tandem approach.
What makes Oxford PV's IP strategy particularly notable in 2025 is that the company has begun actively monetizing it. The April 2025 patent licensing agreement with Trina Solar, covering the manufacture and sale of perovskite-based photovoltaic products in China with sublicensing rights, represents one of the first major patent monetization events in the perovskite industry[4]. Oxford PV's CEO David Ward explicitly invited other parties interested in licensing outside China to make contact, signaling that the company views its patent portfolio not just as a defensive moat but as a revenue-generating asset and a mechanism for shaping the global supply chain. For R&D teams evaluating the perovskite landscape, this development confirms that IP position in this space has crossed from theoretical value to commercial leverage.
The Chinese Manufacturing Giants: Jinko, Trina, GCL, and the Scale Play
While LONGi leads in perovskite-specific IP among Chinese manufacturers, Jinko Solar, Trina Solar, and GCL Optoelectronics are building their own patent positions with distinct strategic emphases. A Cypris Q search reveals that Jinko Solar's recent filings are heavily concentrated on back-contact cell architectures and passivated contact structures that serve as the silicon bottom cell platform for future tandem integration[39][40][41][42]. Jinko's patents on solar cells with micro-protrusion structures on doped semiconductor layers[43] and cells with holes distributed across edge regions filled with passivation material[44] suggest the company is optimizing its silicon cell technology specifically for compatibility with perovskite top cells.
Trina Solar's patent activity reveals a more direct engagement with perovskite-specific challenges. The company has filed on hole transport composite layers using nickel oxide/cerium oxide/self-assembled monolayer stacks for perovskite solar cells[45], laminated batteries with three-junction architectures (crystalline silicon plus two perovskite sub-cells) featuring inter-layer packaging that prevents water and oxygen penetration into perovskite active layers[46], and nano-transparent interlayers containing insulating metal oxide nanoparticles designed to increase light scattering and reduce reflection losses at tandem stacking interfaces[47]. Trina has also patented light conversion films based on benzotriazole compounds that reduce ultraviolet light transmission while improving external quantum efficiency response[48], addressing the well-known UV degradation vulnerability of perovskite materials. The Trina-Oxford PV licensing agreement adds another dimension to Trina's strategy, providing the company with access to Oxford PV's foundational vapor deposition IP while simultaneously validating the importance of patent portfolios as a currency of competition in this space[4].
GCL Optoelectronics, though less prominent in the Cypris Q patent analysis, deserves attention as the company making the most aggressive manufacturing bet. Its June 2025 commissioning of the world's first gigawatt-scale perovskite module facility in Kunshan, producing 2.76 m² large-area tandem modules, represents a $700 million wager that perovskite manufacturing can scale[5]. GCL's tandem module efficiency has reached a certified 29.51% at industrial scale[49], and the company has deployed what it calls the world's first AI-powered high-throughput perovskite manufacturing system, using 52 precision sensors and an AI decision engine that reportedly reduces lab-to-factory conversion time by up to 90%[49]. For corporate R&D teams watching the manufacturing landscape, GCL's moves signal that the race to gigawatt-scale perovskite production is no longer hypothetical.
The Stability Frontier: Where Materials Science Meets IP Strategy
The single greatest barrier to perovskite commercialization remains long-term operational stability, and this is where the patent landscape intersects most directly with the interests of advanced materials and specialty chemical companies. Academic research has demonstrated that state-of-the-art passivation techniques relying on ammonium ligands suffer deprotonation under light and thermal stress[9], that self-assembled monolayer hole transport layers can be desorbed by strong polar solvents in perovskite precursors if anchored by hydrogen bonds rather than covalent bonds[50], and that phase segregation in wide-bandgap perovskites remains a fundamental challenge for tandem architectures[51].
Each of these failure modes represents both a technical challenge and a patent opportunity. The development of amidinium ligands with resonance-enhanced N-H bonds that resist deprotonation achieved a greater than tenfold reduction in ligand deprotonation equilibrium constant[9]. Tridentate anchoring of self-assembled monolayers through trimethoxysilane groups on fully covalent hydroxyl-covered surfaces enabled devices that retained 98.9% of initial efficiency after 1,000 hours of damp-heat testing[50]. Thiocyanate ion incorporation suppressed phase segregation in wide-bandgap perovskites, enabling perovskite/organic tandems with 25.06% efficiency[51].
The encapsulation challenge is generating its own IP ecosystem. Cypris Q patent searches reveal filings on composite packaging adhesive films that enable lamination of perovskite batteries below 105°C without introducing peroxide crosslinking agents harmful to perovskite[52], and buffer structures with conformal compact layers and three-dimensional architectures designed to protect photovoltaic modules from mechanical impact[53][54]. These encapsulation and packaging innovations represent a particularly attractive entry point for specialty materials companies, as they leverage existing competencies in polymer chemistry, barrier films, and adhesive formulations. The fact that GCL's tandem modules have already passed TUV Rheinland's triple IEC stress tests[5] suggests that encapsulation solutions are maturing rapidly, but the diversity of deployment environments, from the high UV exposure of the Gobi Desert to the humidity of coastal building-integrated installations, means that the market for differentiated encapsulation technologies is far from settled.
Where the White Space Remains
For R&D teams evaluating where to invest, the patent landscape as mapped through Cypris Q reveals several areas where IP density is still relatively low compared to the technical opportunity. Scalable deposition methods beyond spin-coating and vapor deposition, particularly slot-die coating, inkjet printing, and blade coating, are seeing growing academic attention but remain underpatented relative to their commercial importance[55][56][57]. The pathway from laboratory-scale tandems to industrial fabrication requires appropriate, scalable input materials and manufacturing processes, and the transition demands increasing focus on stability, reliability, throughput, and cell-to-module integration[55].
Lead-free perovskite compositions represent another area where the gap between research activity and patent protection is notable. The toxicity of lead in perovskite materials remains a significant regulatory and public perception challenge[57], yet the patent landscape is still dominated by lead-based compositions. All-perovskite tandems using mixed lead-tin narrow-bandgap sub-cells are advancing rapidly, the certified 24.5% module efficiency used this architecture[11], but the tin oxidation challenge creates opportunities for novel stabilization chemistries that are not yet well-protected.
The aqueous synthesis of perovskite precursors represents a potentially disruptive manufacturing approach. Recent work demonstrated kilogram-scale production of formamidinium lead iodide microcrystals with up to 99.996% purity from inexpensive, low-purity raw materials, achieving 25.6% cell efficiency[58]. This approach could fundamentally change the precursor supply chain, and the IP landscape around aqueous perovskite chemistry is still nascent. Similarly, the integration of AI and machine learning into perovskite manufacturing workflows, as GCL's high-throughput system demonstrates[49], is creating a new category of process IP that sits at the intersection of materials science and industrial automation.
What This Means for Corporate R&D
The perovskite photovoltaic IP landscape is consolidating rapidly. LONGi, Oxford PV, and the major Chinese manufacturers are building patent portfolios that span device architectures, deposition methods, passivation chemistries, and module-level packaging. Oxford PV's licensing deal with Trina Solar has established that perovskite patents are not just defensive instruments but commercially valuable assets that command real revenue in a market projected to reach $100 billion by 2030[4]. GCL's gigawatt-scale factory has demonstrated that manufacturing investment is following the IP, not waiting for it[5].
For corporate R&D teams in advanced materials and chemicals, the strategic implications are clear. The window for establishing foundational IP in core perovskite device architectures is narrowing, but significant opportunities remain in enabling materials, including passivation agents, encapsulants, barrier films, conductive pastes, and precursor chemistries, where the intersection of materials science expertise and photovoltaic application knowledge creates defensible positions.
Tools like Cypris Q enable R&D teams to monitor this landscape in real time, tracking not just who is filing but what specific technical claims are being staked, where the citation networks point, and where the gaps between academic breakthroughs and patent protection create strategic openings. In a technology transition this consequential, the difference between leading and following often comes down to the quality of competitive intelligence informing R&D investment decisions.
Citations
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