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Last Updated: December 2025
Solid-State Battery Electrolyte Materials: Startups and Suppliers
The solid-state battery industry has a credibility problem. Toyota has been promising commercialization "in a few years" since 2017. QuantumScape went public via SPAC in 2020 at a $3.3 billion valuation before shipping a single commercial cell. The entire sector has raised over $4.2 billion from US and European investors alone, yet the vast majority of innovation records in this space remain scientific publications rather than patents or commercial deployments. We are still, fundamentally, in a research-intensive phase pretending to be on the cusp of mass production.
And yet. Mercedes-Benz just drove 749 miles on a single charge in a prototype EQS. MG is taking pre-orders for a semi-solid-state battery vehicle priced under $15,000. Factorial Energy has commissioned a pilot production line and is shipping sample cells to OEMs. Something is actually happening now that wasn't happening three years ago, and the companies that understand the materials science bottlenecks will be the ones that capture the value.
The uncomfortable truth is that solid-state battery success is almost entirely a materials problem. The cell architecture is well understood. The performance benefits are proven in laboratories worldwide. What separates the winners from the vaporware is whether they can manufacture solid electrolyte materials at scale, with consistent quality, at a price point that makes commercial sense. Everything else is marketing.
Why the Electrolyte Is Everything
A solid-state battery replaces the flammable liquid electrolyte in conventional lithium-ion cells with a solid material that conducts lithium ions. This single substitution theoretically enables higher energy density (potentially double today's best cells), faster charging (minutes instead of hours), dramatically improved safety (no thermal runaway risk), and longer cycle life (10,000+ charges versus 2,000-3,000). The theoretical advantages are so compelling that every major automaker has announced solid-state battery programs.
The practical challenge is that solid electrolytes are extraordinarily difficult to manufacture. Sulfide-based materials offer the highest ionic conductivity but decompose when exposed to moisture, requiring manufacturing in controlled atmospheres with humidity levels below those found in semiconductor fabs. Oxide ceramics like LLZO are stable in air but are brittle, making it nearly impossible to maintain contact between electrolyte and electrodes as the battery expands and contracts during cycling. Polymer electrolytes can be processed with conventional equipment but only achieve adequate conductivity at elevated temperatures, limiting their applications.
The companies that have solved these problems at laboratory scale are now learning that solving them at production scale is an entirely different challenge. Bosch invested heavily in solid-state batteries and then withdrew entirely, citing economic risk and long payback periods. The timeline keeps sliding because the materials science keeps proving harder than the press releases suggested.
The Startup Landscape: Who's Actually Shipping
Seventeen US and European solid-state battery startups have raised a combined $4.2 billion in funding, but they're at wildly different stages of commercial readiness.
Factorial Energy is arguably furthest along the commercialization path. The Massachusetts-based company has raised $200 million from Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai, and Stellantis and opened a manufacturing facility in Methuen that represents the largest solid-state battery assembly line in the United States. Factorial's technology uses a quasi-solid electrolyte that contains a small amount of liquid, which some purists argue disqualifies it from the "solid-state" category but which pragmatists recognize as a viable path to near-term production. The company's FEST platform has demonstrated 391 Wh/kg energy density, and Stellantis plans to test Factorial batteries in a fleet of Dodge Charger Daytona EVs in 2026. CEO Siyu Huang recently announced a partnership with Korean materials giant POSCO to develop cathode and anode materials, signaling confidence in scaling beyond pilot production.
QuantumScape remains the highest-profile pure-play solid-state battery company, with $1.5 billion in total funding and a market cap that has swung wildly based on technology announcements. The company's ceramic separator technology uses LLZO-based oxide electrolytes, and its recent Cobra manufacturing process reportedly speeds heat treatment by 25x while reducing physical footprint. QuantumScape has partnered with Murata Manufacturing, a global ceramics specialist, to mass-produce its separator technology. The company shipped its first QSE-5 sample cells to customers in 2025 and plans field testing in 2026, with commercial production potentially following in 2027. Volkswagen remains the anchor investor and development partner, with up to $131 million in milestone-based funding committed through its PowerCo subsidiary.
Solid Power has taken a differentiated approach by positioning itself as a materials supplier rather than a cell manufacturer. The Colorado-based company produces sulfide-based solid electrolyte material and licenses cell designs to automotive partners BMW and Ford. This strategy reduces capital requirements and potentially creates a high-margin recurring revenue stream, but it also means Solid Power depends on partners to validate its technology in actual vehicles. The company recently announced that Samsung SDI will fabricate cells using Solid Power's electrolyte, expanding beyond its original automotive partners. Solid Power has raised $437 million and operates a pilot facility producing EV-scale cells for qualification testing.
Adden Energy represents the emerging class of university spin-outs attacking specific technical challenges. Founded by scientists from Harvard's Xin Li laboratory, the company has developed a multi-electrolyte separator and porous 3D lithium metal anode that demonstrate 10,000+ charge cycles in laboratory cells versus 2,000-3,000 for industry benchmarks. Adden's technology specifically targets dendrite formation, the metal projections that cause short circuits and have plagued other solid-state approaches. The company raised a $15 million Series A in August 2024 and has commissioned a pilot production line for OEM samples. If the laboratory performance translates to production cells, Adden could leapfrog competitors on cycle life, but that's a significant "if."
SES AI (formerly SolidEnergy Systems) has raised $600 million and developed Li-Metal batteries offering over 400 Wh/kg energy density. The company has partnerships with Honda, Hyundai, GM, and SAIC Motor, positioning it as a potential supplier across multiple OEMs. SES uses an ultra-thin lithium-metal anode rather than a fully solid electrolyte, which some analysts categorize as "hybrid" rather than true solid-state. Regardless of taxonomy, the company is shipping prototype cells and has a clearer path to production than many competitors.
Lyten has emerged as an aggressive consolidator in a distressed market. The San Jose-based company raised $200 million in July 2025 specifically to acquire assets from bankrupt battery manufacturer Northvolt, including intellectual property and a Polish assembly plant. Lyten's core technology uses 3D graphene materials in lithium-sulfur chemistry, achieving 250-325 Wh/kg in prototype cells. The company's willingness to buy distressed assets suggests confidence that the solid-state shakeout will create opportunities for well-capitalized survivors.
Theion, a German startup backed by solar company Enpal, has developed what it calls Crystal Battery technology using lithium-sulfur cathodes. Sulfur is 99% cheaper to source than conventional cathode materials and requires 90% less energy to produce, potentially addressing the cost challenges that have limited solid-state commercialization. The company is exploring quasi-solid-state designs that may reach market faster than fully solid alternatives.
LionVolt, a spin-out from TNO's Holst Centre in the Netherlands, raised €15 million in February 2024 to scale its 3D solid-state battery architecture. The technology uses billions of micropillars coated with battery materials to create high surface area and short ion transport distances, enabling ultra-fast charging. The approach is clever but unproven at automotive scale.
ION Storage Systems, a University of Maryland spin-out, has achieved 25x capacity improvements and over 1,000 cycles in large-format cells without requiring external compression, which addresses a major manufacturing challenge. The company has received $20 million from ARPA-E and recently opened a 30,000-square-foot manufacturing facility targeting EVs, defense, and grid storage applications.
Basquevolt received a perfect 9/9 score from the European Commission's EIC Accelerator and €2.5 million in grant funding with access to an additional €10 million. The Spanish company is developing electrolyte technology that claims to enable 50% more range while integrating with existing battery factory equipment, positioning it as a potential supplier to European cell manufacturers seeking to reduce dependence on Asian supply chains.
The Materials Supply Chain: Where the Real Bottlenecks Live
Commercial solid-state battery production will require massive increases in specialty chemical manufacturing capacity that doesn't currently exist. This is where R&D intelligence becomes actionable competitive advantage rather than academic interest.
Sulfide electrolyte precursors represent the tightest supply constraint. Lithium sulfide (Li2S) serves as the foundational material for nearly all sulfide-based solid electrolytes, and only a handful of suppliers produce battery-grade material at meaningful volumes. Ampcera operates from facilities in Arizona with a 20-ton annual pilot plant capacity scaling toward 1,000 tons by 2027. The company holds IP-protected sulfide electrolyte chemistry featuring controlled particle sizes for fast-charging applications. NEI Corporation manufactures multiple sulfide compositions including LSPS, LPS, and LPSCl in quantities from 10 grams to kilogram scale. MSE Supplies distributes both Ampcera materials and its own lithium sulfide powders validated by battery researchers globally. Lorad Chemical and Stanford Advanced Materials offer 99.95% purity Li2S powders for electrolyte synthesis.
The Toyota-Idemitsu Kosan partnership announced in June 2025 represents the most significant sulfide supply chain development. Idemitsu's ¥21.3 billion ($142 million) investment will build dedicated lithium sulfide production capacity with Toyota as anchor customer for the 2027-2028 commercial launch. This vertical integration gives Toyota supply security that merchant-market purchasers will lack.
Korean company Solid Ionics is preparing for mass production with plans to complete a 1,200-ton annual capacity plant in Ulsan by 2027. The company holds patents on lithium sulfide production and has developed semi-continuous manufacturing processes that enable consistent quality at higher volumes. Samyang has invested 5.9 billion won in Solid Ionics, creating a potential Korean supply alternative to Japanese sources.
Oxide electrolyte materials face different supply dynamics. LLZO and related garnet ceramics can be handled in air and are produced by multiple suppliers including NEI Corporation (LLZO, LLZTO, LATP, LAGP compositions), MSE Supplies (Ampcera-branded powders with aluminum, tantalum, and niobium doping), Niterra (three LLZO-Mg,Sr variants for different applications), Sigma-Aldrich (battery-grade Al-doped LLZO), and Chinese suppliers including Dongguan Gelon and TOB New Energy. The oxide supply chain is more diversified but faces challenges in producing the thin, dense ceramic membranes required for high-performance cells.
Polymer electrolyte materials leverage existing specialty chemical supply chains and face fewer constraints, though the performance limitations of polymer systems may restrict their addressable market.
Sulfide Electrolyte Materials: The Most Constrained Supply Chain
Sulfide-based electrolytes offer the highest ionic conductivity but face the tightest supply constraints due to moisture sensitivity and specialized manufacturing requirements.
Ampcera (Arizona, USA) has emerged as the Western leader in commercialized argyrodite-type Li6PS5Cl, claiming to be the first company to successfully commercialize this material at scale. Their facilities include a 1-ton pilot capacity with a 20-ton industrial pilot plant, targeting 1,000 tons annually by 2027. Ampcera supplies multiple particle sizes optimized for different cell architectures, with ionic conductivity specifications reaching 3 mS/cm at room temperature.
Mitsui Mining & Smelting (Japan) has developed its A-SOLiD brand of argyrodite sulfide electrolytes, with a mass production testing facility in Ageo, Saitama. In September 2024, the company announced construction of a new plant for initial mass production targeting 2027 operation, positioning A-SOLiD as a standard material for Japanese and Korean cell manufacturers including partners with Toyota's solid-state battery development program.
NEI Corporation (New Jersey, USA) offers one of the broadest sulfide portfolios including LSPS (Li10SiP2S12), LPS (Li7P3S11), standard LPSCl, and the newly introduced chlorine-rich Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5 variant with enhanced stability. NEI supplies research quantities from 10 grams to kilogram scale, serving as a critical source for academic and corporate R&D programs.
Solid Ionics (Korea) operates a lithium sulfide production facility with patents on sulfide precursor synthesis. Samyang Corporation invested 5.9 billion won in the company, which is building a 1,200-ton Ulsan plant targeted for 2027 operation, creating a Korean supply alternative to Japanese dominance.
Idemitsu Kosan (Japan) has committed ¥21.3 billion (approximately $142 million) to construct a lithium sulfide plant specifically to supply Toyota's solid-state battery program, with mass production targeted for 2027-2028.
Dongwha Enterprise (Korea) has emerged as Samsung SDI's primary solid electrolyte development partner, working on sulfide electrolyte materials for Samsung's 2027 commercialization target.
TOB New Energy (Xiamen, China) offers LPSCl and other sulfide compositions for research applications, representing the growing Chinese capability in this segment.
Precursor Materials for Sulfide Synthesis
Lithium sulfide (Li2S) represents the critical bottleneck precursor, commanding prices that can exceed tens of thousands of dollars per kilogram due to limited industrial demand outside battery applications.
Albemarle Corporation (USA) has positioned lithium sulfide as a strategic product for solid-state electrolyte synthesis, leveraging its position as the world's leading lithium producer to offer high-purity Li2S for sulfide electrolyte precursors.
Ganfeng Lithium (China) produces high-grade lithium sulfide in-house for its own solid-state battery production, with sulfide electrolyte materials including LGPS, LPSC, Li7P3S11, and Li3PS4. Their vertical integration from lithium mining through electrolyte production represents a competitive advantage in cost structure.
MSE Supplies (USA) distributes Ampcera-manufactured lithium sulfide (99.9% purity) for research applications, offering quantities from 100 grams to multi-kilogram orders.
Lorad Chemical (USA) and Stanford Advanced Materials supply 99.95% purity Li2S precursors primarily for laboratory and pilot-scale applications.
Hubei Xinrunde, Hangzhou Kaiyada, and Chengdu Hipure represent Chinese lithium sulfide suppliers serving domestic solid-state battery development programs.
Phosphorus pentasulfide (P2S5) for glass-ceramic and amorphous sulfide electrolytes is supplied by Perimeter Solutions (Germany, USA), which has been the market leader in P2S5 production for over 70 years with facilities in Hürth, Germany and Sauget, Illinois. MTI Corporation and American Elements also supply battery-grade P2S5 for research applications.
Oxide Electrolyte Materials: More Diversified Supply
Oxide-based electrolytes including garnets (LLZO), NASICON-types (LATP, LAGP), and perovskites (LLTO) benefit from more diversified supply chains due to air stability during handling.
MSE Supplies (USA) offers comprehensive oxide portfolios manufactured by Ampcera including aluminum-doped LLZO (Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12), tantalum-doped LLZO (LLZTO), and niobium-doped LLZO, available in nano-powder to micron-sized particles with sintered ceramic membranes for cell testing.
NEI Corporation provides NASICON-type LATP (Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3) and LAGP (Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3) in quantities from 25 grams to kilogram scale, plus custom oxide compositions for specific cell architectures.
Ohara Corporation (Japan) has commercialized LICGC (Lithium Ion Conducting Glass-Ceramics), a NASICON-structure glass-ceramic electrolyte available as powder, sintered plates, and thin membranes. Ohara's materials achieve ionic conductivity of 1-4 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm at room temperature with exceptional chemical resistance to water and mild acids.
Niterra (formerly NGK Spark Plug, Japan) specializes in LLZO-based oxide electrolytes under the OXSSB trademark, offering three oxide electrolyte variants with space qualification for satellite and aerospace applications.
Stanford Advanced Materials supplies Ta-doped LLZO powder for research applications.
Sigma-Aldrich (Merck) offers battery-grade Al-doped LLZO with 5-6 micron particle size and ionic conductivity in the 0.01-0.1 mS/cm range.
MTI Corporation (Richmond, California) provides NASICON-type LATP powder and other oxide compositions for research and education applications.
Chinese suppliers including TOB New Energy (Xiamen), Dongguan Gelon, and Green Science Alliance offer oxide electrolyte materials at competitive prices for domestic and export markets.
NASICON and Phosphate Electrolytes
Beyond Battery (emerging supplier) offers NASICON-type LATP with ionic conductivity specified in the 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻³ S/cm range for solid-state battery research.
Polymer Electrolyte Materials
NEI Corporation produces NANOMYTE H-polymer, a proprietary PEO-based copolymer with ionic conductivity approximately four orders of magnitude higher than pure PEO at room temperature (~5×10⁻⁵ S/cm), plus SE-50 hybrid polymer-ceramic composites.
Syensqo (formerly Solvay Specialty Polymers, Belgium/USA) supplies Solef PVDF for electrode binders and separator coatings, with growing focus on polymer electrolyte applications. The company's fluorinated polymer expertise positions it for solid-state polymer battery development.
MSE Supplies offers PEO (polyethylene oxide) powders in multiple molecular weight grades (Mw ~10,000 to Mv ~1,000,000) for solid-state electrolyte research.
Dow Chemical has emerged as a key PEO supplier for battery applications as IRA-driven localization requirements redirect Korean battery manufacturers to US-sourced materials.
Halide Electrolyte Materials
NEI Corporation introduced commercial Li3InCl6 (lithium indium chloride) halide solid electrolyte in October 2024, representing the emerging halide electrolyte category that offers high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical windows, and improved air stability compared to sulfides.
AOTELEC (China) offers Li3InCl6 halide solid electrolyte powder for lithium battery applications.
MSE Supplies recently added LZOC (Li1.75ZrO0.5Cl4.75) lithium zirconium oxychloride solid electrolyte to their expanding halide portfolio.
Integrated Battery Materials Suppliers
Several major chemicals companies are positioning themselves across multiple solid electrolyte categories:
Ganfeng Lithium (China) operates as a vertically integrated supplier from lithium mining through solid-state battery production, offering LGPS, LPSC, Li7P3S11, and Li3PS4 sulfide electrolytes alongside oxide-based flexible electrolyte membranes.
Tinci Materials (China) has emerged as a leading electrolyte manufacturer with production capacity of 850,000 tons annually, expanding into solid electrolyte materials alongside its dominant position in liquid electrolytes.
POSCO (Korea) has partnered with Factorial Energy to develop materials for all-solid-state batteries, leveraging its existing position as a cathode and anode materials supplier to global battery leaders including LG Energy Solution, SK On, and Samsung SDI.
Equipment and Processing Materials Suppliers
Beyond raw electrolyte powders, specialized equipment and processing materials are required for solid-state battery manufacturing.
Gelon Lib Co. (China) supplies coin cell components and battery assembly equipment used in solid-state battery R&D.
Tmax Battery Equipment Limited (China) provides hydraulic presses and other assembly equipment for solid-state battery prototyping.
What Actually Matters for R&D Teams
The solid-state battery landscape is simultaneously over-hyped and genuinely transformational. The technology works. The performance advantages are real. Commercial production is coming. The question is which companies will capture value, and that depends almost entirely on materials science execution rather than laboratory demonstrations.
For corporate R&D teams evaluating partnership opportunities, supplier relationships, or acquisition targets, the key variables are:
Electrolyte chemistry choice determines manufacturing complexity and supply chain exposure. Sulfide systems offer the best performance but require the most stringent manufacturing controls and have the most constrained supply chains. Oxide systems are more forgiving but face mechanical challenges. Polymer and hybrid systems may reach market faster but with performance compromises.
Patent freedom-to-operate is under-appreciated as a commercial risk. The concentration of manufacturing process patents among Asian companies means Western startups may face licensing obligations or infringement risk at production scale. Due diligence on patent landscape is essential before major commitments.
Supply chain visibility matters more than cell performance specifications. A company claiming 500 Wh/kg energy density is meaningless if they can't source electrolyte precursors at volumes supporting commercial production. The startups with secured supply relationships will outcompete those dependent on spot-market purchases.
Manufacturing scalability is where most solid-state programs fail. Laboratory coin cells and production-scale pouch cells are completely different engineering challenges. Companies demonstrating pilot-line output and OEM sample shipments have de-risked more than those still publishing laboratory results.
The teams that will succeed are those maintaining continuous visibility into startup emergence, patent activity, supplier development, and partnership formation across the global innovation ecosystem. The landscape is moving too fast for quarterly competitive reviews or annual strategy updates. Real-time intelligence on material advances, manufacturing breakthroughs, and strategic moves is essential to capture value from this technology transition.
How R&D Teams Track This Landscape
The solid-state battery materials space exemplifies the challenge facing enterprise R&D and innovation teams: a critical technology transition moving faster than traditional competitive intelligence methods can track. New startups are spinning out of university labs monthly. Patent filings span multiple jurisdictions with claim language requiring deep technical expertise to interpret. Supplier capacity announcements, partnership deals, and funding rounds create a continuous stream of signals that reshape competitive dynamics in real time.
Manual approaches simply cannot keep pace. By the time a startup appears in trade publications, they've already secured OEM partnerships. By the time a patent issues, the underlying technology has been in development for years. By the time a supplier announces capacity expansion, the offtake agreements are already signed.
Cypris provides the R&D intelligence infrastructure that enterprise teams need to maintain continuous visibility into landscapes like solid-state battery materials. The platform aggregates over 500 million patents and scientific papers alongside startup funding data, company profiles, and partnership announcements into a unified search environment built specifically for R&D workflows. Unlike general-purpose databases, Cypris uses a proprietary R&D ontology that understands the semantic relationships between technologies, enabling searches that surface relevant innovation even when terminology varies across sources.
The platform's API-first architecture integrates directly into existing R&D workflows, and SOC 2 Type II certification ensures enterprise security requirements are met. Innovation teams at Honda, Yamaha, Johnson & Johnson, and Philip Morris International use Cypris to monitor technology landscapes, identify partnership and acquisition targets, and track competitive patent activity.
For R&D leaders navigating the solid-state battery transition or any high-velocity technology landscape, the question isn't whether intelligence matters. It's whether your current approach delivers visibility fast enough to act on what you find.
Learn more at cypris.ai
